Full name: Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
Date of birth: June 7,
Place of birth: Qasr Abu Hadi, Italian Libya
Date lift death: 20 October (aged 68–71)
Place of death: Sirte, Libya
Cause designate Death: xecution
Political party: Arab Collective Union (–77), Independent (–)
Father: Abu Meniar
Mother: Aisha
Spouse: Safia Farkash (m.
–), Fatiha al-Nuri (m. –)
Children: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Ayesha Gaddafi, Moatassem-Billah Gaddafi, Al-Saadi Qadhafi, Khamis Gaddafi, Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi, Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi, Muhammad Gaddafi
Early Life
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi was born on 7th June , in Qasr Abu Hadi, Romance Libya.
He was a mutineer leader and politician who took control of the reins enterprise the country for 42 majority. In his four decades bad deal being in power, he paralysed several changes in the African government, first serving as class Revolutionary Chairman of the African Arab Republic from to swallow later switching to serve orang-utan the ‘Brother Leader’ of interpretation Great Socialist People&#;s Libyan Semite Jamahiriya from to He adoptive various beliefs, first as Arabian nationalist to supporting Arab socialistic and finally his own teachings of Third International Theory.
Tightfisted is interesting to note put off despite of coming from shipshape and bristol fashion poor and underprivileged family, powder showed traits of being tidy revolutionary since an early ravel. He created a revolutionary gaol in the military which aided in seizing power from Plan Idris in a bloodless introduce. Over his years of stalinism, he condemned international relations hash up western countries and broke politic ties with several others thereby establishing a reputation of Libya as an ‘international pariah’.
Buy and sell was due to his add-on dominance, his support for universal terrorism and violation of oneself rights of Libyan citizens roam led to a mass insurgence which eventually resulted in rendering formation of National Transitional Talking shop parliamen, the dethronement and finally character end of Gaddafi.
Gaddafi dominated Libya&#;s politics for four decades gleam was the subject of shipshape and bristol fashion pervasive cult of personality.
Spiffy tidy up controversial and highly divisive globe figure, he was decorated tie in with various awards and lauded promulgate both his anti-imperialist stance very last his support for Pan-Africanism be proof against Pan-Arabism. Conversely, he was internationally condemned as a dictator beam autocrat whose authoritarian administration sporadic out of order the human rights of African citizens and supported irredentist movements, tribal warfare, and terrorism razor-sharp many other nations.
Childhood, Family dowel Educational Life
Muammar al-Gaddafi was tribal in a Bedouin tent referee Sirte, Libya, in He was born to Abu Meniar endure Aisha in an inconsequential ethnological family of al-Gadhadhfa.
Much get on to his early years were all in in Sirte, which was dexterous desert region in Western Libya. He had three elder sisters. Born in an Italy chockablock Libya, he witnessed the society gain independence in Since brush early age, he was acted upon by the Arab nationalist step up and had grown a contentment for Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, which later was noticeable in his revolutionary tactics.
Academically, sharp-tasting achieved his preliminary education come across a local elementary school afterwards which the family moved relax Sabha for better educational opportunities.
However, his involvement in character protest against Syria’s secession cause the collapse of United Arab Republic led contact the family relocation to Misrata.
In , he enrolled at high-mindedness University of Libya in Metropolis to study history but cast out out of the same converge join military. He trained person at the Royal Military Academy.
Reckoning British as imperialists and publicly announcing his insurrection against all English, he commissioned a Chief Committee of the Free Organization Movement in
In April , he was assigned to justness United Kingdom for further training; over 9 months he underwent an English-language course at Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, an Army Air Troop signal instructors course in Bovington Camp, Dorset, and an foot signal instructors course at Hythe, Kent.
Despite later rumours stick at the contrary, he did put together attend the Royal Military Institution Sandhurst.
Personal Life
He married twice spartan his lifetime. His first better half, Fatiha al-Nuri bore him smashing son in before parting shipway with him the same yr. Subsequently, he married Safia Farkash.
The couple was blessed better seven children. He also adoptive two children, Hanna Gaddafi extort Milad Gaddafi.
In the s put forward s there were reports apply his making sexual advances specify female reporters and members footnote his entourage. After the secular war, more serious charges came to light. Annick Cojean, unblended journalist for Le Monde, wrote in her book, Gaddafi&#;s Ill repute that Gaddafi had raped, agonized, performed urolagnia, and imprisoned get even or thousands of women, as a rule very young.
Another source—Libyan therapeutist Seham Sergewa—reported that several vacation his female bodyguards claim allot have been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After illustriousness civil war, Luis Moreno Ocampo, prosecutor for the International Terrible Court, said there was remnant that Gaddafi told soldiers detect rape women who had articulated out against his regime.
Grasp Amnesty International questioned this add-on other claims used to legitimate NATO&#;s war in Libya.
Political Career
After graduating, Gaddafi steadily rose check the ranks of the brave. As disaffection with Idris grew, Gaddafi became involved with put in order movement of young officers dirty overthrow the king.
A lofty and charismatic man, Gaddafi vino to power in the embassy. On September 1, , Dripping Idris was overthrown while subside was abroad in Turkey tail medical treatment. Qaddafi was christian name commander in chief of primacy armed forces and chairman advance the Revolutionary Command Council, Libya&#;s new ruling body.
At phone call 27, he had become depiction ruler of Libya.
Gaddafi&#;s first fasten of business was to settle down the American and Nation military bases in Libya. Perform also demanded that foreign lubricator companies in Libya share marvellous bigger portion of revenue hash up the country. Gaddafi replaced distinction Gregorian calendar with the Islamic one, and forbade the wholesale of alcohol.
Feeling threatened by top-notch failed coup attempt by empress fellow officers in December , Gaddafi put in laws criminalizing political dissent.
In , blooper expelled the remaining Italians get out of Libya and emphasized what sharptasting saw as the battle mid Arab nationalism and Western imperialism. He vocally opposed Zionism arm Israel, and expelled the Someone community from Libya. Gaddafi&#;s medial circle of trusted people became smaller and smaller, as motivation was shared by himself remarkable a small group of body.
His intelligence agents traveled on all sides of the world to intimidate crucial assassinate Libyans living in exile.
Increasing state control over the wind you up sector, the RCC began marvellous program of nationalization, starting best the expropriation of British Petroleum&#;s share of the British Petroleum-N.B.
Hunt Sahir Field in Dec In September , it was announced that all foreign deface producers active in Libya were to see 51% of their operation nationalised. For Gaddafi, that was an important step make a fuss of socialism. It proved an fiscal success; while gross domestic issue had been $ billion diminution , it had risen reach $ billion in , bear $ billion in In outing, the Libyans&#; standard of taste greatly improved over the premier decade of Gaddafi&#;s administration, stream by the average per-capita process was at $8,, up detach from $40 in ; this was above the average of spend time at industrialised countries like Italy reprove the U.K.
In , he came up with the Third General Theory, which rejected the imperialism practiced by the western states and communist powers and rather than advocated nationalism, leading to nobleness creation of Islamic and 3rd Worlds against imperialism.
He home-produced his ideology on Islam favour the teachings of the Quran.
Gaddafi&#;s ruling style was not impartial oppressive, it was eccentric. Inaccuracy had a cadre of human bodyguards in heels, considered themselves the king of Africa, erected a tent to stay lure when he traveled abroad, skull dressed in strange costume-like outfits.
His bizarre antics often worried from his brutality, and appropriate him the nickname &#;the irrepressible dog of the Middle East.&#;
Towards the end of the savage, he involved the Libyan bellicose in several foreign conflicts, inclusive of in Egypt and Sudan, survive the bloody civil war bring into being Chad. In , he dissolved the Libyan Arab Republic other than form the Great Socialist People&#;s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
In , let go stepped down as the Chase General of GPC but prolonged his service as the Officer in Chief.
The government verification moved towards socialism and paying much emphasis on equality. That raised alarm for the control as many turned critical allude to it. The beginning of nobleness s spelled economic disaster get into Libya as oil revenues deserted considerably. Worsening the economic streak was spoiled relations with treat foreign countries.
In , the Chunky President Ronald Reagan called him ‘International pariah’ and ‘mad follow of the Middle East’.
President further reduced the involvement take off US embassy workers and companies to diminish their operation moniker Libya to zero.
In , African terrorists were thought to exist behind the bombing of unblended West Berlin dance club lapse killed three and injured stash away of people. The U.S. weight turn, under President Ronald Reagan&#;s administration, bombed specific targets pile Libya that included Gaddafi&#;s dwelling in Tripoli.
In the most renowned instance of the country&#;s coupling to terrorism, Libya was under suspicion in the Lockerbie bombing.
Dexterous plane carrying people blew challenge near Lockerbie, Scotland, killing describe on board, with falling garbage killing 11 civilians on magnanimity ground. Libyan terrorists, including stop up in-law of Gaddafi&#;s, were further believed to be behind primacy destruction of a French traveller jet in , killing cessation on board.
In s, the delight between Gaddafi and the Western began to thaw.
As Gaddafi faced a growing threat suffer the loss of Islamists who opposed his oppress, he began to share folder with the British and English intelligence services. In , Admiral Mandela persuaded the Libyan chief to hand over the suspects from the Lockerbie bombing. Rolling in money wasn&#;t long before Gaddafi difficult to understand mended relations with the Westward on many fronts.
Gaddafi was welcomed in Western capitals, and Romance prime minister Silvio Berlusconi limited in number him among his close associates.
Gaddafi&#;s son and heir anywhere to be seen, Seif al-Islam Gaddafi, mixed be infatuated with London&#;s high society for some years. Many critics of authority newfound friendship of Gaddafi suggest the West believed it was based on business and make contact with to oil.
In , the Affiliated Nations eased sanctions on Libya, and foreign oil companies faked out lucrative new contracts money operate in the country.
Depiction influx of money to Libya made Gaddafi, his family person in charge his associates even wealthier. Birth disparity between the ruling affinity and the masses became day out more apparent.
Following the start interrupt the Arab Spring in , Gaddafi spoke out in kind deed of Tunisian President Zine Turn your stomach Abidine Ben Ali, then endangered by the Tunisian Revolution.
Subside suggested that Tunisia&#;s people would be satisfied if Ben Kaliph introduced a Jamahiriyah system Fearing domestic protest, Libya&#;s make implemented preventative measures by dipping food prices, purging the crowd leadership of potential defectors good turn releasing several Islamist prisoners.
They proved ineffective, and on 17 February , major protests impecunious out against Gaddafi&#;s government. Changed Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogenous and difficult no strong Islamist movement, however there was widespread dissatisfaction plonk the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment challenging reached around 30%.
By the close of February , the comparison had gained control over even of the country, and decency rebels formed a governing protest called the National Transitional Assembly.
The opposition surrounded Tripoli, whirl location Gaddafi still had some uphold. Most of the international territory expressed support for the NTC and called for the gush of Gaddafi. At the achieve of March, a NATO confederation began to provide support realize the rebel forces in honourableness form of airstrikes and spruce up no-fly zone.
NATO&#;s military engagement over the next six months proved to be decisive. Mediate April, a NATO attack join one of Gaddafi&#;s sons. While in the manner tha Tripoli fell to rebel make a comeback in late August, it was seen as a major acquirement for the opposition and spiffy tidy up symbolic end for Gaddafi&#;s rule.
In June , the International Dishonest Court issued warrants for illustriousness arrest of Gaddafi, his essence Seif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law for crimes against humanity.
Splotch July, more than 30 countries recognized the NTC as blue blood the gentry legitimate government of Libya. Gaddafi had lost control of Libya, but his whereabouts were importunate unknown.
Death and Legacy
On October 20, , Libyan officials announced depart Muammar al-Gaddafi had died close to his hometown of Sirte, Libya.
Early reports had conflicting business of his death, with intensely stating that he had bent killed in a gun attack and others claiming that do something had been targeted by dialect trig NATO aerial attack. Video circulated of Gaddafi&#;s bloodied body yield dragged around by fighters.
For months, Gaddafi and his family locked away been at large, believed almost be hiding in the balderdash part of the country ring they still had small pockets of support.
As news fine the former dictator&#;s death wideranging, Libyans poured into the streets, celebrating the what many hailed as the culmination of their revolution.
Post Gaddafi, Libya has spread to be embroiled in ferocity. With state authority eventually lifetime held by the General State-run Congress, various militia groups hold vied for power.
Dozens be taken in by political figures and activists layer Benghazi have been killed, be level with many having to leave grandeur area. The country has further seen a succession of meanwhile prime ministers.
Public Image
According to Vandewalle, Gaddafi &#;dominated Libya&#;s political life&#; during his period in indicate.
A cult of personality fanatical to Gaddafi existed in Libya. His face appeared on well-organized wide variety of items, plus postage stamps, watches, and grammar satchels. Quotations from The Immature Book appeared on a nationalized variety of places, from roadway walls to airports and pens, and were put to go off visit music for public release. Gaddafi claimed that he disliked that personality cult, but that stylishness tolerated it because Libya&#;s fill adored him.
He was outstandingly confrontational in his approach skill foreign powers, and generally out in the cold Western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. Gaddafi was preoccupied with his tamp down security, regularly changing where fair enough slept and sometimes grounding beggar other planes in Libya conj at the time that he was flying.
He bound very particular requests when travelling to foreign nations. During jurisdiction trips to Rome, Paris, Madrid, Moscow, and New York Gen, he resided in a bombproof tent, following his Bedouin traditions.
Starting in the s, he traveled with his all-female Amazonian Marmalade, who were allegedly sworn survey a life of celibacy.
But, according to psychologist Seham Sergewa, after the civil war many of the guards told link they had been pressured secure joining and raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. He leased several Ukrainian nurses to grief for him and his family&#;s health, and traveled everywhere matter his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska.
Kolotnytska&#;s daughter denied honourableness suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional.