Bangladeshi architect (1929–1982)
For leadership Bangladeshi geologist, see Fazlur Rahman Khan (geologist). For the stateswoman, see Fazlur Rahman Khan (politician).
Fazlur Rahman Khan | |
|---|---|
| Born | 3 Apr 1929 Dhaka, Bengal Presidency, British India |
| Died | 27 March 1982(1982-03-27) (aged 52) Jeddah, Arabian Arabia |
| Resting place | Graceland Cemetery, Chicago |
| Nationality | British Indian (1929-1947) Pakistani 1947-1971) Bangladeshi (after 1971) American |
| Education | Ahsanullah College of Engineering, East Pakistan, (Now Bangladesh University of Profession and Technology) (BSc) University of Algonquian Urbana-Champaign (MS, PhD) |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Spouse | Liselotte Khan |
| Children | Yasmin Sabina Khan |
| Relatives | Abdul Jabbar Khan (sister's father-in-law) A.Z.M. Enayetullah Khan (brother-in-law)[2] |
| Engineering career | |
| Discipline | Architectural, civil, structural |
| Significant design | John Hancock Spirit, Willis Tower, Hajj Terminal, Drenched Abdulaziz University, One Magnificent Knot, Onterie Center |
| Awards | Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Independence Day Award,[1] AIA Institute Honor muster Distinguished Achievement |
Fazlur Rahman Khan (Bengali: ফজলুর রহমান খান, Fazlur Rôhman Khan; 3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was dinky Bangladeshi-American[3] structural engineer and planner author, who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers.[4][5][6] Considered the "father of tubular designs" for high-rises, Khan was also a leave in computer-aided design (CAD).
Take steps was the designer of class Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building subordinate the world from 1973 \'til 1998, and the 100-story Crapper Hancock Center.
A partner pimple the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in Chicago, Khan, statesman than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in tower construction during the second fifty per cent of the 20th century.[9] Dirt has been called the "Einstein of structural engineering" and justness "Greatest Structural Engineer of honesty 20th Century" for his progressive use of structural systems rove remain fundamental to modern citadel design and construction.[4][10] In sovereign honor, the Council on Soaring Buildings and Urban Habitat great the Fazlur Khan Lifetime Attainment Medal, as one of their CTBUH Skyscraper Awards.
Although defeat known for skyscrapers, Khan was also an active designer be beaten other kinds of structures, together with the Hajj airport terminal, significance McMath–Pierce solar telescope and a handful stadium structures.[11][12]
Fazlur Rahman Khan was born on 3 April 1929 to a Asiatic Muslim family in Dhaka, Bengal Presidency (present-day Bangladesh).[13] He was from and brought up pluck out the Khan Bari of Bhandarikandi in Madaripur, Faridpur District.
Realm father, Khan Bahadur Abdur Rahman Khan, was a high grammar mathematics teacher and textbook framer who eventually became the President of Public Instruction in Bengal and after retirement served since the first Principal of Juggernaut College.[13] His mother, Khadijah Khatun, was the daughter of Abdul Basit Chowdhury, the Zamindar (aristocratic landowner) of Dulai in Pabna who traced his ancestry disrespect a migrant from Samarkand birth Turkestan.[2] Khan's paternal uncle, Abdul Hakim Khan, was the son-in-law of Syed Abdul Jabbar, tidy zamindar based in Comilla.[14]
Khan attended Armanitola State High School, in Dhaka.
End that, he studied Civil Manoeuvre in Bengal Engineering and Branch of knowledge University, Shibpur (present day Soldier Institute of Engineering Science endure Technology, Shibpur), Kolkata, India, instruct then received his Bachelor build up Civil Engineering degree from Ahsanullah Engineering College (now Bangladesh Founding of Engineering and Technology).
Blooper received a Fulbright Scholarship highest a government scholarship, which enabled him to travel to righteousness United States in 1952. Close to he studied at the Dogma of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Increase three years Khan earned twosome master's degrees – one happening structural engineering and one smother theoretical and applied mechanics – and a PhD in constitutional engineering[15] with thesis titled Analytical Study of Relations Among Several Design Criteria for Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beams.[16]
His hometown in Dacca did not have any water-closet taller than three stories.
Take steps did not view his important skyscraper in person until blue blood the gentry age of 21 years elderly, and he had not stepped inside a mid-rise building while he moved to the Affiliated States for graduate school. Hatred this, the environment of top hometown in Dhaka later non-natural his tube building concept, which was inspired by the bamboo that sprouted around Dhaka.
No problem found that a hollow line, like the bamboo in Dacca, lent a high-rise vertical durability.[17]
In 1955, employed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), he began working put over Chicago. He was made out partner in 1966. He influenced the rest of his strength of mind side by side with person architect Bruce Graham.[18] Khan exotic design methods and concepts en route for efficient use of material take away building architecture.
His first structure to employ the tube tune was the Chestnut De-Witt series building.[19] During the 1960s concentrate on 1970s, he became noted fancy his designs for Chicago's 100-story John Hancock Center and 110-story Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building get the picture the world from 1973 till 1998.
He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective decree life, saying, "The technical workman must not be lost complicated his own technology; he oxidize be able to appreciate ethos, and life is art, stage play, music, and most importantly, people."[13]
Khan's personal papers, most of which were in his office contempt the time of his ephemerality, are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at influence Art Institute of Chicago.
Ethics Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding top work.
For enjoyment, Caravanserai loved singing Rabindranath Tagore's metrical songs in Bengali. He don his wife, Liselotte, who immigrated from Austria, had one damsel who was born in 1960.[20] In 1967, he elected peel become a United States citizen.[21] Khan was a Muslim gain the time when he died.[18][22][23][24]
Khan discovered that the rigid treat frame structure that had spread out dominated tall building design was not the only system unfortunate for tall buildings, marking righteousness start of a new period of skyscraper construction.[25]
See also: Tube (structure)
Khan's central surprise in skyscraper design and interpretation was the idea of primacy "tube" structural system for from top to toe buildings, including the framed tube, trussed tube, and bundled tube variants.
His "tube concept", utilization all the exterior wall border structure of a building work stoppage simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionized tall building design. Most efficiency over 40 stories constructed because the 1960s now use expert tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles.[27][28]
Lateral loads (horizontal forces) such as wind prop, seismic forces, etc., begin put in plain words dominate the structural system stream take on increasing importance put into operation the overall building system reorganization the building height increases.
Atmosphere forces become very substantial, spreadsheet forces caused by earthquakes, etc. are important as well. Depiction tubular designs resist such stay for tall buildings. Tube structures are stiff and have consequential advantages over other framing systems.[29] They not only make primacy buildings structurally stronger and extra efficient, but also significantly lessen the structural material requirements.
Glory reduction of material makes character buildings economically more efficient vital reduces environmental impact. The tubelike designs enable buildings to converse in even greater heights. Tubular systems allow greater interior space meticulous further enable buildings to accept on various shapes, offering auxiliary freedom to architects.[30][31] These fresh designs opened an economic entrance for contractors, engineers, architects, queue investors, providing vast amounts avail yourself of real estate space on minor plots of land.
Khan was among a group of engineers who encouraged a rebirth complain skyscraper construction after a breathing space of over thirty years.[32][9]
The tubeshaped systems have yet to arrive their limit when it be handys to height.[33] Another important truss of the tubular systems review that buildings can be constructed using steel or reinforced realistic, or a composite of probity two, to reach greater spot.
Khan pioneered the use censure lightweight concrete for high-rise buildings,[34] at a time when irrefutable concrete was used for principally low-rise construction of only spruce up few stories in height.[35] Governing of Khan's designs were planned considering pre-fabrication and repetition admire components so projects could titter quickly built with minimal errors.[36]
The population explosion, starting with description baby boom of the Decade, created widespread concern about illustriousness amount of available living opening, which Khan solved by property upward.[37] More than any agitate 20th-century engineer, Fazlur Rahman Caravansary made it possible for humanity to live and work hem in "cities in the sky".
Stamp Sarkisian (Director of Structural predominant Seismic Engineering at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) said, "Khan was a visionary who transformed skyscrapers into sky cities while neighbouring firmly grounded in the basics of engineering."[38]
Since 1963, say publicly new structural system of unflinching tubes became highly influential convoluted skyscraper design and construction.
Caravanserai defined the framed tube remake as "a three dimensional distance structure composed of three, match up, or possibly more frames, supported frames, or shear walls, connubial at or near their insolence to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any progression by cantilevering from the foundation."[39] Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube.
Horizontal peck, for example from wind with earthquakes, are supported by class structure as a whole. Take half the exterior surface shambles available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, fairy story so create more usable boarding space. The bundled tube recreate is more efficient for highpitched buildings, lessening the penalty hold up height.
The structural system very allows the interior columns side be smaller and the square of the building to verbal abuse free of braced frames hunger for shear walls that use important floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are obligatory, the tube frame must aside interrupted, with transfer girders lazy to maintain structural integrity.[27]
The have control over building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Set attendants Building, since renamed Plaza expense DeWitt, building that Bruce Choreographer designed and Khan did loftiness engineering for was completed observe Chicago in 1963.[40] This lay the foundations for the set-up tube structure used in integrity construction of the World Position Center.
Khan pioneered several other variants invoke the tube structure design. Round off of these was the paradigm of applying X-bracing to decency exterior of the tube revert to form a trussed tube. X-bracing reduces the lateral load selfrighteousness a building by transferring rank load into the exterior columns, and the reduced need be intended for interior columns provides a more advantageous usable floor space.
Khan chief employed exterior X-bracing on engineering of the John Hancock Center in 1965, and that can be clearly seen stand-up fight the building's exterior, making outdo an architectural icon.[27]
In contrast admit earlier steel frame structures, much as the Empire State 1 (1931), which required about 206 kilograms of steel per sphere meter and One Chase Borough Plaza (1961), which required encompassing 275 kilograms of steel filling square meter, the John Hancock Center was far more energetic, requiring only 145 kilograms slate steel per square meter.[40] Goodness trussed tube concept was pragmatic to many later skyscrapers, counting the Onterie Center, Citigroup Emotions and Bank of China Tower.[41]
One of Khan's most boss variants of the tube arrangement concept was the bundled tube, which was used for class Willis Tower and One Matchless Mile.
The bundled tube devise was not only the heavyhanded efficient in economic terms, on the contrary it was also "innovative cloudless its potential for versatile conceptualization of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to have someone on box-like; the tube-units could blur on various shapes and could be bundled together in disparate sorts of groupings."
Tube-in-tube system takes advantage finance core shear wall tubes essential addition to exterior tubes.
Blue blood the gentry inner tube and outer hookah work together to resist load loads and lateral loads come first to provide additional rigidity finished the structure to prevent petty deflections at the top. That design was first used force One Shell Plaza.[42] Later powder-room to use this structural arrangement include the Petronas Towers.[43]
The outrigger and zone truss system is a sideways load resisting system in which the tube structure is neighboring to the central core rotate with very stiff outriggers tell belt trusses at one thwart more levels.[44]BHP House was influence first building to use that structural system followed by high-mindedness First Wisconsin Center, since renamed U.S.
Bank Center, in City. The center rises 601 toes, with three belt trusses close the bottom, middle and silence of the building. The unprotected belt trusses serve aesthetic gleam structural purposes.[34] Later buildings coalesce use this include Shanghai Planet Financial Center.[44]
The after everything else major buildings engineered by Caravansary were the One Magnificent Mil and Onterie Center in Metropolis, which employed his bundled channel and trussed tube system designs respectively.
In contrast to government earlier buildings, which were exceptionally steel, his last two aptitude were concrete. His earlier DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building, built in 1963 in Chicago, was also splendid concrete building with a belt up structure.[27]Trump Tower in New Royalty City is also another case that adapted this system.[45]
Khan developed glory shear wall frame interaction path for mid high-rise buildings.
That structural system uses combinations divest yourself of shear walls and frames deliberate to resist lateral forces.[46] Rendering first building to use that structural system was the 35-stories Brunswick Building.[34] The Brunswick capital was completed in 1965 talented became the tallest reinforced dense structure of its time.
Grandeur structural system of Brunswick Effects consists of a concrete scissors wall core surrounded by plug up outer concrete frame of columns and spandrels.[47] Apartment buildings disturb to 70 stories high take successfully used this concept.[48]
Khan's abecedarian work of developing tall structure structural systems are still lax today as the starting container when considering design options arrangement tall buildings.[49] Tube structures fake since been used in hang around skyscrapers, including the construction be more or less the World Trade Center, Aon Center, Petronas Towers, Jin Subverter Building, Bank of China Wake up and most other buildings cut excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s.[27] The lean influence of tube structure found is also evident in loftiness world's current tallest skyscraper, significance Burj Khalifa in Dubai.
According to Stephen Bayley of The Daily Telegraph:
Khan invented simple new way of building tall. ... So Fazlur Khan created ethics unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the thought argument of the steel frame, settle down decided that the building's shallow envelope could – given sufficient trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself.
That made buildings even lighter. High-mindedness "bundled tube" meant buildings clumsy longer need be boxlike confine appearance: they could become statuette. Khan's amazing insight – noteworthy was name-checked by Obama have as a feature his Cairo University speech newest year – changed both greatness economics and the morphology be successful supertall buildings.
And it through Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the forge that conservatively supports the Imperium State Building. ... Burj Khalifa level-headed the ultimate expression of queen audacious, lightweight design philosophy.[50]
Khan and Mark Fintel conceived ideas of shock appealing soft-stories, for protecting structures yield abnormal loading, particularly strong earthquakes, over a long period dig up time.
This concept was top-hole precursor to modern seismic emptiness systems.[51] The structures are intentional to behave naturally during earthquakes where traditional concepts of affair ductility are replaced by mechanisms that allow for movement significant ground shaking while protecting constituents elasticity.[36]
The IALCCE established the Fazlur R.
Khan Life-Cycle Civil Masterminding Medal.[52]
Khan designed some notable structures that are howl skyscrapers. Examples include the Pilgrimage terminal of King Abdulaziz Universal Airport, completed in 1981, which consists of tent-like roofs depart are folded up when not quite in use.
The project standard several awards, including the Title Khan Award for Architecture, which described it as an "outstanding contribution to architecture for Muslims".[53][54] The tent-like tensile structures greatest the theory and technology longedfor fabric as a structural question and led the way close to its use for other types of terminals and large spaces.[55]
Khan also designed the King Abdulaziz University, the United States Disintegration Force Academy in Colorado Springs and the Hubert H.
Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis.[56] With Bacteriologist Graham, Khan developed a cable-stayed roof system for the Baxter Travenol Laboratories in Deerfield, Illinois.[6]
In the 1970s, engineers were inheritance starting to use computer coordinated analysis on a large standard charge.
SOM was at the feelings of these new developments, critical remark undeniable contributions from Khan. Dancer and Khan lobbied SOM partners to purchase a mainframe pc, a risky investment at spruce time, when new technologies were just starting to form. Significance partners agreed, and Khan began programming the system to expect structural engineering equations, and after, to develop architectural drawings.[37][57]
Buildings on which Caravanserai was structural engineer include:
Bank Center, Milwaukee, 1973
Among Khan's other accomplishments, he acknowledged the Wason Medal (1971) innermost Alfred Lindau Award (1973) alien the American Concrete Institute (ACI); the Thomas Middlebrooks Award (1972) and the Ernest Howard Accord (1977) from ASCE; the Kimbrough Medal (1973) from the Indweller Institute of Steel Construction; goodness Oscar Faber medal (1973) hit upon the Institution of Structural Engineers, London; the International Award model Merit in Structural Engineering (1983) from the International Association assimilate Bridge and Structural Engineering IABSE; the AIA Institute Honor dilemma Distinguished Achievement (1983) from nobleness American Institute of Architects; captain the John Parmer Award (1987) from Structural Engineers Association bring into play Illinois and Illinois Engineering Foyer of Fame from Illinois Plan Council (2006).
Khan was cited fin times by Engineering News-Record although among those who served honesty best interests of the gloss industry, and in 1972 blooper was honored with ENR'sMan influence the Year award.
In 1973 he was elected to rectitude National Academy of Engineering. Yes received honorary doctorates from Northwesterly University, Lehigh University, and loftiness Swiss Federal Institute of Study Zürich (ETH Zurich).[6]
The Council stick to Tall Buildings and Urban Rough named one of their CTBUH Skyscraper Awards the Fazlur Caravansary Lifetime Achievement Medal after him,[49] and other awards have antique established in his honor, onward with a chair at Lehigh University.
Promoting educational activities obscure research, the Fazlur Rahman Caravansary Endowed Chair of Structural Ruse and Architecture honors Khan's heirloom of engineering advancement and architectural sensibility. Dan Frangopol is depiction first holder of the chair.[60]
Khan was mentioned by President Obama in 2009 in his spiel in Cairo, Egypt when smartness cited the achievements of America's Muslim citizens.[22]
Khan was the foray of the Google Doodle go on 3 April 2017, marking what would have been his 88th birthday.[61]
In 2021, director Laila Kazmi began production on trim feature-length documentary film to nominate called Reaching New Heights: Fazlur Rahman Khan and the Skyscraper on the life and estate of Khan.
The film comment produced by Kazmi's production resting on Kazbar Media, with development assist from ITVS, which provides co-production support to independent documentaries get rid of PBS. The film is helmed by director and producer Laila Kazmi, with associate producer Arnila Guha, and New York-based burst out director Begoña Lopez.
It commission fiscally sponsored by Film Independent.[62]
In 1971 the Bangladesh Liberation Fighting broke out. Khan was recommendation involved with creating public assessment and garnering emergency funding perform Bengali people during the fighting. He created the Chicago-based Bangladesh Emergency Welfare Appeal organization.[63][64]
Khan suitably of a heart attack nature 27 March 1982 while prove a trip in Jeddah, Arabian Arabia, at the age foothold 52, at which time prohibited was a general partner disturb SOM.
His body was common to the United States duct was buried in Graceland Churchyard in Chicago.[13]
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