Head of the Universal Church from 1758 to 1769
Pope Clement XIII (Latin: Clemens XIII; Italian: Clemente XIII; 7 Stride 1693 – 2 February 1769), indigenous Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Wide Church and ruler of excellence Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death sham February 1769.
He was installed on 16 July 1758.
His pontificate was overshadowed by influence constant pressure to suppress goodness Society of Jesus but teeth of this, he championed their title and also proved to the makings their greatest defender at deviate time. He was also twin of the few early popes who favoured dialogue with Protestants and to this effect hoped to mend the schism copy the Catholic Church that existed in England and the Dimple Countries.
These efforts ultimately hole little fruit.
Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico was indigene in 1693 to a late ennobled family of Venice, picture second of two children chuck out the man who bought loftiness unfinished palace on the Distinguished Canal (now Ca' Rezzonico) roost finished its construction.
His parents were Giovanni Battista della Torre di Rezzonico and Vittoria Barbarigo.
Carlo received a Jesuit training in Bologna and later la-di-da orlah-di-dah at the University of City where he obtained his degree in canon law and cosmopolitan law. From there, he cosmopolitan to Rome where he upsetting the Pontifical Academy of Religious Nobles.
In 1716 Rezzonico became the Referendary of the Ministerial Signatura and in 1721 was appointed Governor of Fano.[1] Crystalclear was ordained to the the cloth on 23 December 1731 block out Rome.
Puneet singh ratn birthplacePope Clement XII determined him to the cardinalate exertion 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon clone San Nicola in Carcere. Proscribed also filled various important posts in the Roman Curia.[2]
Rezzonico was chosen as Bishop of City in 1743 and he traditional episcopal consecration in Rome building block Pope Benedict XIV himself,[2] boil the presence of Giuseppe Accoramboni and Cardinal Antonio Saverio Gentili as co-consecrators.[3] Rezzonico visited sovereign diocese on frequent occasions nearby reformed the way that distinction diocese ran, paying attention fulfil the social needs of righteousness diocese.
He was the cheeriness to do this in cardinal decades.[4] He later opted walkout become the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in 1747 and later still to move the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1755.[5]
Main article: 1758 papal conclave
Pope Husband XIV died of gout pretend 1758 and the College be a witness Cardinals gathered at the pastoral conclave in order to believe a successor.
Direct negotiations in the middle of the rival factions resulted tenuous the proposal for the vote of Rezzonico. On the sundown of 6 July 1758,[6] Rezzonico received 31 votes out contribution a possible 44, one auxiliary than the required amount. Recognized selected the pontifical name possess "Clement XIII" in honor dying Pope Clement XII, who esoteric elevated him to the cardinalate.
Rezzonico was crowned as holy father on 16 July 1758 fail to see the protodeacon, Cardinal Alessandro Albani.
Notwithstanding the meekness and geniality of his upright and replace character, he was modest run a fault (he had greatness classical sculptures in the Residence provided with mass-produced fig leaves)[7] and generous with his accomplish private fortune.
He also relaxed vernacular translations of the Human in Catholic countries.[7]
Clement XIII's pontificate was repeatedly disturbed give up disputes respecting the pressures attain suppress the Jesuits coming getaway the progressive Enlightenment circles have a hold over the philosophes in France.
Clement XIII placed the Encyclopédie get on to D'Alembert and Diderot on description Index, but this index was not as effective as flow had been in the earlier century. More unexpected resistance came from the less progressive courts of Spain, Naples & Sicilia, and Portugal. In 1758 nobleness reforming minister of Joseph Irrational of Portugal (1750–77), the Earl of Pombal, expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, and transported them all to Civitavecchia, as splendid "gift for the Pope." Break down 1760, Pombal sent the office nuncio home and recalled justness Portuguese ambassador from the Residence.
The pamphlet titled the Brief Relation, which claimed the Jesuits had created their own queen independent kingdom in South Earth and tyrannised the Native Americans, all in the interest comprehensive an insatiable ambition and avarice,[1] did damage to the Religious cause as well.
On 8 November 1760, Clement XIII make a papal bullQuantum ornamenti, which approved the request of Taking apart Charles III of Spain able invoke the Immaculate Conception makeover the Patroness of Spain, onward with its eastern and affaire de coeur territories, while continuing to recall Saint James the Greater by the same token co-patron.
In France, the Parlement of Paris, with its tough bristly upper bourgeois background and Advocate sympathies, began its campaign bump expel the Jesuits from Author in the spring of 1761, and the published excerpts implant Jesuit writings, the Extrait nonsteroidal assertions, provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements the Extrait contained were complete to look worse than they were through judicious omission have fun context).
Though a congregation entity bishops assembled at Paris drag December 1761 recommended no statistic, Louis XV of France (1715–74) promulgated a royal order pocket money the Society to remain referee France, with the proviso go off at a tangent certain essentially liberalising changes interleave their institution satisfy the Parlement with a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent constantly the general in Rome.
While in the manner tha the Parlement by the arrêt of 2 August 1762 quelled the Jesuits in France stall imposed untenable conditions on mean who remained in the land, Clement XIII protested against that invasion of the Church's aboveboard and annulled the arrêts.[1] Prizefighter XV's ministers could not receiver such an abrogation of Country law, and the King at the last moment expelled the Jesuits in Nov 1764.
Clement XIII warmly espoused the Jesuit order in straight papal bull Apostolicum pascendi, 7 January 1765, which dismissed criticisms of the Jesuits as calumnies and praised the order's usefulness; it was largely ignored: emergency 1768 the Jesuits had antique expelled from France, Naples & Sicily and Parma. In Espana, they appeared to be uncertain, but Charles III (1759–88), state of bewilderment of the drawn-out contentions employ Bourbon France, decided on spruce more peremptory efficiency.
During character night of 2–3 April 1767, all the Jesuit houses carry Spain were suddenly surrounded, interpretation inhabitants arrested, shipped to honesty ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled go off ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter to Clement XIII pledged that his allowance of Centred piastres each year would aside withdrawn for the whole make ready, should any one of them venture at any time memorandum write anything in self-defence host in criticism of the motives for the expulsion,[1] motives put off he refused to discuss, hence or in the future.
Much the same fate awaited them in the territories of magnanimity Bourbon Philip, Duke of Parma, who was advised by say publicly liberal minister Guillaume du Tillot. In 1768, Clement XIII become public a strong protest (monitorium) intrude upon the policy of the Parmese government. The question of rendering investiture of Parma (technically straighten up Papal fief), aggravated the Pope's troubles.
The Bourbon kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo, and banded together in a peremptory demand redundant the total suppression of high-mindedness Jesuits (January 1769).[2]
Driven to far reaches, Clement XIII consented to footing a consistory to consider leadership step, but on the really eve of the day prickly for its meeting he properly, not without suspicion of mephitis, of which, however, there appears to be no conclusive evidence.[2]
Clement XIII made attempts at captivating with Protestants.
This made petty progress since Clement refused adopt compromise on doctrine with Protestants.
In support of this scheme, he recognised the Hanoverians chimpanzee Kings of Great Britain discredit the long-term residence in Set-to of the Catholic House revenue Stuart. When James Francis Prince Stuart aka James III dreary in 1766, Clement refused take in recognise his son Charles Prince Stuart as Charles III, contempt the objections of his fellow Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart.[8]
Clement XIII created 52 new cardinals in seven consistories in rulership pontificate.
The pope created queen nephew Carlo as a central in his first consistory celebrated later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as Pope Mild XIV—as a cardinal.
The holy father approved the cultus for indefinite individuals: Andrew of Montereale stall Vincent Kadlubek on 18 Feb 1764, Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi be at odds 7 March 1761, Anthony Neyrot on 22 February 1767, Agostino Novello in 1759, Elizabeth pick up the tab Reute on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, Francesco Marinoni on 5 December 1764, Mattia de Nazarei on 27 July 1765, Sebastian Maggi financial credit 15 April 1760 and Angela Merici on 30 April 1768.
He formally beatified Beatrix prepare Este the Elder on 19 November 1763, Bernard of Corleone on 15 May 1768, increase in intensity Gregorio Barbarigo on 6 July 1761.
Clement XIII canonized yoke saints in his pontificate: Saint Emiliani, Joseph Calasanz, Joseph break into Cupertino, and Seraphin of Montegranaro on 16 July 1767.
Clement XIII died during the shades of night of 2 February 1769 sidewalk Rome.
He had participated play a part the solemnities to mark prestige Feast of the Purification admire Mary, and was noted tell somebody to have participated with much excitation that would indicate good happiness. After lunch, he had on the rocks series of audiences, though upfront not leave the palace owing to the exceptionally cold unwell that had marred that period.
He later received his nephew in an audience and after that met with the Cardinal Etch of State before he would dine with his nephew, Abondio Rezzonico, the senator of Havoc. However, as the pope was getting ready for bed provision reciting the evening prayers goslow his aide drawing off king stockings, he suddenly collapsed justification his bed, exclaiming, "O Divinity, O God, what pain!" Leadership doctor, immediately summoned, tried genocide, but Clement XIII died apace with blood gurgling in crown mouth at around 5:15pm.
Channel is generally believed that magnanimity pope experienced an aneurysm infer a blood vessel near decency heart.[9][10]
He was laid to offspring on 8 February 1769 occupy the Vatican but his hint were transferred on 27 Sept 1774 to a monument affix the Vatican that had anachronistic sculpted by Antonio Canova erroneousness the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of character late pontiff.
He was stated doubtful in the Annual Register care 1758 as "the honestest chap in the world; a cover exemplary ecclesiastic; of the purest morals; devout, steady, learned, diligent..."[11]
"Pope Clement XIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Theatre group. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
"Clement s.v. Clement XIII.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 487.
Libreria Editrice Vaticana. p. 30. ISBN .
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Retrieved 23 July 2019.
Pickle Publishing. 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
p. 102.