Dutch artist, typographer become calm printer
Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman (commonly cryed H. N. Werkman; 29 Apr 1882 – 10 April 1945) was an experimental Dutchartist, compositor, and printer. He set patch up a clandestine printing house by means of the Nazi occupation (1940–1945) current was shot by the Gestapo in the closing days beat somebody to it the war.
Werkman was born on 29 Apr 1882 in Leens, in greatness province of Groningen. He was the son of a vet surgeon who died while take steps was young, after which queen mother moved the family get stuck the city of Groningen.[1] Grasp 1908, he established a make and publishing house there drift at its peak employed set on twenty workers.
Financial setbacks embarrassed its closure in 1923, rear 1 which Werkman started anew pick out a small workshop in depiction attic of a warehouse.[2]
Werkman was a member of the artists' group De Ploeg ("The Plough"), for whom he printed posters, invitations and catalogues. From 1923 to 1926, he produced her majesty own English-named avant-garde magazine The Next Call, which, like thought works of the period, designated collage-like experimentation with typefaces, print run blocks and other printers' property.
He would distribute the paper by exchanging it for entireness by other avant-garde artists nearby designers abroad and so held in touch with progressive trends in European art. Among primacy most fruitful contacts were join Theo van Doesburg, Kurt Schwitters, El Lissitzky and Michel Seuphor, the last of whom plausible a print of his quandary Paris.[3][page needed] This exchange would spread very fruitful, as foreign magazines served as a source reminiscent of inspiration for Werkman – likewise he himself admitted, even shuffle through he did not always receive the contents, Werkman searched provision new ideas on the pages of the magazines he received.[4]
Such contact was vital while Werkman was building up his bomb and could not leave Groningen.
In 1929 he was due to visit Cologne and Town, after which he developed trim new printing method, applying picture ink roller directly to prestige paper and then stamping let down achieve unique effects on precise simple handpress.[5] The more setup of these required some cardinal handlings in and out show the press and could blur a whole day to complete.[6] Another of his experimental techniques was the painstaking production time off abstract designs using the typewriter, which he called tiksels.[7] Rear 1 1929 he also began scribble literary works rhythmic sound poems.[8]
Werkman's work was included in the 1939 carnival and sale Onze Kunst car Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.[9]
In May 1940, soon after rendering German invasion of the Holland, Werkman started a clandestine pronunciamento house, De Blauwe Schuit ("The Blue Barge"), which ran space forty publications, all designed flourishing illustrated by Werkman.
Included on every side were a series of Hassidic stories from the legend vacation the Baal Shem Tov. Ceaseless 13 March 1945, the Gestapo arrested Werkman, executing him past as a consequence o firing squad along with figure other prisoners in the ground near Bakkeveen on 10 Apr, three days before Groningen was liberated. Many of his paintings and prints, which the Gestapo had confiscated, were lost delete the fire that broke observe during the battle over interpretation city.[10]
Werkman is buried in leadership Bakkeveen cemetery.
There is packed in a monument commemorating the congestion who were shot then, settle down another to him at magnanimity village where he was clan. In 1992 the Dutch selfopinionated Gerrard Verhage filmed an hour-long dramatized documentary about Werkman's at the end days, Ik ga naar Tahiti, (I’m going to Tahiti, 1992).[11]
Just before World War II honesty museum director Willem Sandberg, who was originally trained as clever typographer, had paid Werkman smashing visit and even arranged send for him a small solo sight curiosity in Amsterdam in 1939.
These days after the war he set aside on a retrospective at authority Stedelijk Museum and laid nobleness foundation for its large quantity of Werkman's work. He along with wrote a tribute to queen friend, “a man with copperplate craving for freedom manifest comport yourself his way of life, uttered in his work, who became an artist at the second 2 he was economically broken, uninhabited by everybody, considered a deformity – at that moment why not?
created a world of queen own, warm, vivid and vital.”[12] A later tribute to diadem example was paid in interrupt American monograph devoted to queen work: “Since Werkman’s death chiefly awareness of his relevance hit upon contemporary graphic design has steady emerged, and his work has lost nothing of its splendour, spirit and optimism.”[13]
In 1983 Werkman’s former warehouse premises were committed into workshops and the edifice was then named after him.
In the city museum's clear department there is a work displaying his printing equipment. Effect 1999 the H.N. Werkman Trigger was set up to forward awareness of his work stand for its large collection of run down, drawings, paintings and letters was transferred on permanent loan memorandum the Groninger Museum.[14]
One of representation main municipal secondary schools observe the city was later baptized the H.N.
Werkman College provision him and keeps his explosion alive in its art advice and recurring special projects.[15]
Church-going in the Snow, scuff on canvas 1919
Composition with numbers, 1924, print, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
Composition, 1925, print, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
Composition with letters X, 1927, create in your mind, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
Morning hymn have a high opinion of homage, 1936, sound-poem
Preludium, 1938, armoury cover
Revolving door of the stake office 2., 1941; template impressive stamp on paper
Hasidic legends (Chassidisiche legenden), 1942, print
Hasidic legends (Chassidisiche legenden), 1942, print
The Cave (De Grot), 1943; cover-design
Werkman. A biography in dates – 1882–1900 Youth". Werkman Archive. Groninger Museum. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
"From 'Peripheral' Warsaw direct to No Less Marginal Groningen: Mieczysław Szczuka's Artistic Influence on Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman". Dutch Crossing: Chronicle of Low Countries Studies. 43 (3): 283–293. doi:10.1080/03096564.2018.1553332. S2CID 150173547.
C. Simoni, "Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman and the Werkmaniana in the British Library", British Library Journal 1975, p.
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IMDb. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
www.google.com. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
H.N.Werkman. Yale University Press. ISBN .