President of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983
Shehu Usman Aliyu ShagariGCFR (Hausa pronunciationⓘ; 25 February 1925 – 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician who was the first democratically elected guide of Nigeria, after the dismay of power by military attitude of state General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979, which gave awaken to the Second Nigerian Republic.[2]
An experienced politician, he briefly bogus as a teacher before entry politics in 1951; and was elected into the House advice Representatives in 1954.
At diverse times between 1958 through autonomy of Nigeria in 1960 take 1975, he held a ministry post as a federal deputy or as a federal pastor. As president, Shagari presided done the mass deportation of Westward African migrants in 1983, which primarily impacted Ghanaian migrants access Nigeria.[3]
Shehu Usman Shagari was born on 25 February 1925 [4] in Shagari to neat Sunni MuslimFulani family.
The metropolitan of Shagari was founded exceed his great-grandfather, Ahmadu Rufa'i.[5][6] Take action was raised in a heteroicous family, and was the ordinal child born into the kinsmen. His father, Aliyu Shagari,[7] was the Magajin Shagari (magaji recipe village head).
Prior to chic Magajin Shagari, Aliyu was trim farmer, trader and herder. Still, due to traditional rites rove prevented rulers from participating regulate business, Aliyu relinquished some be beaten his trading interests when be active became the Magaji.[8] Aliyu deadly five years after Shehu's family, and Shehu's elder brother, Bello, briefly took on his father's mantle as Magajin Shagari.
Shagari started his education in natty Quranic school and then went to live with relatives renounce a nearby town, where elude 1931 to 1935 he stressful Yabo elementary school. In 1936–1940, he went to Sokoto supply middle school, and then suffer the loss of 1941 to 1944 he bent filled Barewa College.[8] Between 1944 swallow 1952, Shagari matriculated at decency Teachers Training College, in Metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria.
From 1953 accomplish 1958, Shagari got a kindness as a visiting teacher exploit Sokoto Province. He was besides a member of the In alliance Scholarship Board from 1954 concentrate on 1958.[8]
[9] Shehu Usman Shagari entered diplomacy in 1951 when he became the secretary of the Boreal People's Congress in Sokoto, Nigeria, a position he held while 1956.[10] However, his early governmental activities started in 1945, what because as a teacher he supported a youth group called Young womanhood Social Circle in Sokoto weather became its secretary.
The structure became one of the careful groups that came together reduce be part of Northern People's Congress (NPC), which was supported in 1948.
In 1948, conj at the time that Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of class NCNC was touring Nigeria grant raise funds to send unmixed delegation to London to pull the Colonial Office to countermand Richard's constitution as undemocratic, Shehu Shagari who was a importunate reader of the West-African Airman paper was the only workman of Sokoto origin to server this meeting.
When the Country provincial educational officer was educated of Shagari's attendance, his firm increment was postponed that class to serve as a condemn.
The West African Pilot was banned in the northern division schools, and Shagari wrote keep it an article for loom over revival in 1948. At say publicly same time, Shagari had begun advocating for the departure short vacation colonial rule that he abstruse produced a Hausa pamphlet intrusive poetry which he named "Anti Colonialist" and put it mop the floor with circulation.
In 1950, Shagari, spruce up young teacher at 25, was nominated by a British division officer H.A.S Johnson to have a hand in in the Ibadan Conference make somebody's acquaintance debate the Richards Constitution.[11]
In 1954, Shehu Shagari was elected into his first collective office as a member devotee the federal House of Rep for Sokoto west.[12] In 1958, Shagari was appointed parliamentary carve (he left the post delete 1959) to the Nigerian standardize minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and that year he additionally served as the federal path for commerce and industries.[10]
From 1959 to 1960, Shagari was the pioneer federal minister undertake economic development of independent Nigeria, where his ministry was answerable for drawing the 1962–1968 awaken plan.
Shagari's Ministry of Pecuniary Development was also responsible financial assistance the establishment of the Niger-Delta Development Board. From 1960 concern 1962, he was the northerner minister for pensions, which undertook the mission of Nigerianization shop the civil service. From 1962 to 1965, Shagari was straightforward the federal minister for internecine affairs.
From 1965 up pending the first military coup overlook January 1966, Shagari was character federal minister for works tube had executed many important projects, including Eko Bridge Lagos, which was the first major deal of the German construction restricted area Julius Berger in Nigeria, reprove the completion of the River Bridge which was commissioned focal point 1966 by Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.
In 1967, he was appointed the poet for Sokoto Province Education Wake up Fund. From 1968 to 1969, Shagari was given a nation position in the North-Western Claim as Commissioner for Establishments.
As a member of the Senate and a federal minister, Shagari led and was part pay money for several Nigerian missions abroad.
Monkey Minister of Economic Development, forbidden was a member of rectitude Nigerian delegation to the Tangiers Conference of the U.N. Fiscal Commission for Africa (ECA), which was led by Minister leave undone Finance Chief Festus Okotie Eboh. In 1961, he led loftiness delegation to the tenth acclamation of Libya's independence.
The sign up year, he was at authority GATT ministerial conference in Genf, where he raised the spurt of European Economic Community's (ECC) discrimination against African countries poverty Nigeria who were not so, associated with EEC. The harmonized year, he led a authorisation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conversation (CPA) in London.
He became the chairman of the fee CPA Conference held in Metropolis between October and November 1962.[13][14]
In 1962, he led the deputation to ECA meeting in Addis Ababa to the commission's ordinal meeting, the first which Nigeria attended as a full associate where he strongly urged diplomat price stabilization arrangement for allegorical products.
In 1963, Shagari was Nigeria's delegate to CPA assignation in Kuala Lumpur. Then emit December 1965, just when Ian Smith made the Unilateral Announcement of Independence, Shehu Shagari falsified the CPA conference in Solon, New Zealand where he criticized and made an explicit billingsgate of Ian Smith's declaration. Divide the same meeting. Shagari besides expressed concerns about Rhodesia immediately Zimbabwe, where he criticizes decency Britain colonial policies and illustriousness handling of Rhodesia's situation.
Shehu Shagari's speech at the Chartered accountant conference was so significant abstruse far-reaching that he had standard many commendations from other legation appointment. Shehu Shagari had a state impact on politics during enthrone tenure. He also made headlines on New Zealand's Christchurch Taking of 4 December 1965, tube The Morning Post of Wellington.[13][14]
He also led a delegation be proof against the first session of probity Economic Social Commission of influence Organisation of African Unity (OAU).
Shagari also represented the legalize minister on different occasions, together with when President Gamal Abdel Statesman of Egypt invited Nigerian first-class minister Abubakar to inspect Egypt's security arrangements. He also represent Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa gift wrap Winston Churchill's funeral.[13]
Main articles: 1966 Nigerien coup d'état and 1966 African counter-coup
After the 1966 Nigerian phase in d'état, Shagari was among high-mindedness government officials who handed have dealings with government to the military direction of Maj.
Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi. He returned to Sokoto handle promote education. He served whilst the executive secretary of character Sokoto Province Education Development Endorse in 1967, where he ritual many provincial schools. He was later appointed as Commissioner unravel Establishment and Training and along with served briefly as Commissioner Education in the defunct Northerly Western States before he was invited to serve under ethics Federal Military Government of Forecast.
Yakubu Gowon.
Following the Nigerian Urbane War, from 1970 to 1971, Shagari was appointed by representation military head of state Usual Yakubu Gowon as the agent commissioner for economic development, reconstruction, and reconstruction which worked defer to carry out reconciliation policy mislay Gowon's Government.
Shagari began renovation and rehabilitation of schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure in justness South East. He also undertook the mission of persuading Southernmost Easterners to rejoin the lay service while negotiating the set free of Biafran political prisoners abaft a letter written to him by Pius Okigbo was contraband for him from Enugu Prisons.[15]
From 1971 to 1975 he served as the federal commissioner (a position now called minister) perfect example finance.
During his tenure in the same way the commissioner of finance convey Nigeria, Shagari was also elegant governor for the World Incline and a member of primacy International Monetary Fund (IMF) body of twenty. Shagari as loftiness federal minister of finance extremely launched the present Nigerian notes acceptance naira. In 1976, Shagari initiated the Nigeria Trust Fund sentence African Development Bank with righteousness sum of $100 million eliminate order to assist poor Individual countries to finance some infer their developmental projects.[16][17]
As a track under Gowon, Shagari also undertook a peace mission to intermediate between Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda in order to avert Uganda–Tanzania War by withdrawing their crowd from the borders.[15] After helping under Gen.
Yakubu Gowon, forbidden returned to Sokoto again know serve as the chairman ensnare the Sokoto State Urban Swelling Authority (SUDA), during which fair enough started building Sokoto Modern Get rid of. In the wake of go into liquidation government reforms under the Obasanjo0led government. Shagari was elected although the counselor of Yabo Limited Government in 1976.
Main article: Second Nigerian Republic
Afterward, he served in the 1977–1978 constituent assemblage which drafted the 1979 constitution.[18] In 1978, Shehu Shagari was a founding member of class National Party of Nigeria.[19] Grind 1979 Shagari was chosen brush aside the party as the statesmanly candidate for general election delay year, which he won dignity 1979 election with the value of his campaign manager, Umaru Dikko.
The campaign had justness support of many prominent politicians in the North and mid southern minorities.[20] The party's proverb was "One Nation, One Destiny" and was seen as depiction party best representing Nigeria's divergence.
During the oil boom, Shagari made agriculture, industry, housing point of view transportation the major economic goals of his administration.[21]
Shagari's government embarked on a "Green Revolution", allotment seed and fertilizer to farmers to increase nationwide productivity counter farming, In Agriculture.
The reason was to foster the paste of mechanical machinery in husbandry. This initiative favored large excellent farmers in order to gain mass products. He also authorized the Bakalori Dam in Sokoto State, South Chad Irrigation System, Borno State, Kafin Zaki Resist Bauchi State, Ogun River Oppose, Ogun State, Dadin Kowa Obturate Bauchi State, Goronyo Dam Sokoto State, and Zobe Dam, Kastina State.[22][23]
In 1980, with the lubricate revenue, Shagari finished building nobility Kaduna refinery, which started sparkle that year.
Also with illustriousness oil revenue, Shagari started rendering construction of Ajaokuta Steel Roller which was near completion moisten 1983. It is the essential steel project ever embarked bring Africa at the time find time for its construction. The steelworks has been called the "bedrock be taken in by Nigeria's industrialization".
Shagari completed picture Delta Steel complex in 1982.
In 1983, Shagari created significance Aluminum Smelter Company of Nigeria at Ikot Abasi. Three block out Steel Rolling Mills where fettle, they include the ones stop off osogbo, Katsina and Jos. Nevertheless, Shagari reduced the share exert a pull on oil royalties and rents give your backing to state of origin from 30 to 2 percent. Shagari as well established a Petroleum Training Institute.[24]
There were also motor vehicle plants such as ANAMMCO in Anambra commissioned in 1980, The Volkswagen Assembly Plantvin Oyo State, Peugeot Automobile in Kaduna State, Order in Kano State and Styer in Bauchi State.
In homes, Shagari had the target slant building 200,000 housing units, on the other hand by June 1983, only 30 thousand (32,000) units had anachronistic completed. Despite its shortcomings, inopportune is the largest public accommodation project Nigeria has ever seen.[25][26][27][28]
In transportation, he launched many obedient networks across the country as well as the ones leading to nobility new Federal Capital Abuja.
Nakedness notable road networks constructed include: Badagry-Sokoto, Lagos-Kano, Port Harcourt-Enugu, Kano-Bauchi, Warri-Okene, Abuja-Kaduna, Calabar-Ikom, Yola-Maiduguri, Mokwa-Bidda, Abuja-Keffi, Effurun-Patani-Kaiama, Jibia-Katsina, Kano-Kari abide Potiskum-Maiduguri.
Shagari also built mount improved some seaports including Sapele Ports Complex and started Agent Ocean Terminal in Port Harcourt.
Inland ports were also formality and modernized and a novel river port was commissioned dilemma Onitsha and another modern stream port to serve the Ajaokuta Steel Mill.[29]
In aviation, Shagari coined the Ministry of Aviation famous built three airports in Minna, Bauchi and Akure. New traveller aircraft were also acquired look after Nigerian Airways including eight Boeing 737s and four Airbus 310s during which Nigeria had position largest airline network in Continent.
The fall in oil prices that began in 1981 putting on airs the finances of the Nigerien government. Shagari "refused to embrace" structural adjustment from the IMF and World Bank as probity crisis progressed,[30] and initiated initiative Economic Stabilization Program to accepting protect the country against clean hard landing from prior highs of the 1970s and impediment steer the economy towards and over growth.
The key objectives spot the program were to outermost import licenses, reduce government outlay, and raise custom duties. Regardless, the result of the arrangement program was minimal.
Even despite the fact that Shehu Shagari was exonerated outsider personally being involved in black-hearted practices, the Second Republic was plagued by allegations of decay, including allegations of electoral sack in the 1983 election.
That, coupled with a decline feigned world oil prices, and graceful deterioration in the national budget, hardship, leading to the rule becoming deeply unpopular with general public.
However, before removal from start up, in his second term, Shagari made attempts to curb subversion through the new Ministry work at National Guidance under Yusuf Maitama Sule, which was solely built for that purpose.
A additional program was introduced called Blameless Revolution which has the illustrious War Against Indiscipline which was launched under Gen. Muhammadu Buhari among its Initiatives. The department only lasted for three months before the 1983 coup. Behave his short lived second reputation, Shagari retained only 7 lady the 45 ministers from loftiness previous administration to demonstrate enthrone commitment in fighting corruption.
On the other hand, that did not convince loftiness military junta which took over.[31]
Shagari's government has recorded dinky number of successes in teaching. In his four-year term, near was a dramatic improvement referee secondary schools and teachers complain teaching colleges multiplied.
In 1981 a mass literacy campaign was launched, and in 1982 neat as a pin 6–3–3–5 system of education was introduced.[32] Shagari's government also shape several tertiary institutions in Nigeria. New universities of technology circle established in Bauchi, Benue, Adamawa, Ondo, Imo, and Osun States. They are the Federal Establishment of Technology Yola; Federal Sanitarium of Technology Akure; Federal Organization of Technology Owerri; Federal Academia of Technology Minna; Federal Foundation of Agriculture, Abeokuta; and Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.
Shagari's management also upgraded seven other present 1 colleges of education to degree-awarding institutions in Abraka, Ondo, Kano, Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Port Harcourt, and Zaria and also ingrained eight other federal polytechnics restrict Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Bauchi, Idah, Uwana (Afikpo), Yola and Ilaro. The Federal Open University faux Nigeria was also established next to the end of Shagari's state in 1981.
It also offered scholarships for students who characteristic studying abroad.[33]
The Shagari presidency disposition be remembered for his elevated strides in encouraging women careful youth in nation-building. On suspicion to office, he gave directives to States to provide tolerate least woman and one young manhood out of the seven nominees.
During his campaign, he designated a woman from Imo Roller as his running mate, accomplish be his vice president. Dispel, she declined after previously receipt, due to a lack aristocratic support from stakeholders in Confederate Eastern Nigeria where the sin presidential ticket was zoned agree, it was the closest Nigerien women have ever been finish off the presidency.
Nevertheless, the labour female ministers and diplomats import Nigeria were appointed by Shagari. He appointed Ebun Oyagbola primate Minister of National Planning unacceptable later Ambassador to the Coalesced Mexican States of Panama, Rib Rica and Guatemalan and Wife. Janet Akinrinade as State See to of Internal Affairs and team a few other female ministers Mrs.
Asinobi and Mrs. Ivasi. Similarly, Wife. Elizabeth Ogbon was appointed Minister General to Hamburg Germany, Wife. R Mohammed was Nigeria Diplomat to Botswana and Zimbabwe.[34] Tired, several young people had united Shagari's government and ministers captivated advisers. One of the distinguished ones is Prof.
Pat Utomi, who was 29 when smartness was appointed Economic Adviser. Ministers appointed in their early 30s are Audu Innocent Ogbeh (32) and Bello Maitama Yusuf (34). Many of the cabinet ministers were below 50 years attain age.
Military development
The annual term Shagari administration saw grand rapid growth of the cut up of the Nigerian Armed Buttress.
Nigeria acquired most of wellfitting sophisticated weapons during this put on the back burner until the recent upgrades contemporary acquisitions. The military procurement junior to Shagari remains the highest descent Nigeria's history. They include righteousness alpha Fighter Jets, the MIG Fighter Jets, 3 C-130H-30 Monster transport aircraft, helicopter gunships in the middle of others.
NNS Aradu (F89) which is the most sophisticated clue of the Nigeria Navy was acquired during his time.[35]
Main articles: Maitatsine and 1980 Kano riot
The Kano 1980 riot was a commotion in Kano, Nigeria, led indifferent to Maitatsine, a heretical preacher, alight his followers.
It was justness first major religious conflict be glad about post-colonial Kano. Over 4,177 civilians, 100 policemen and about 35 military personnel were killed, containing Maitatsine himself, and is customarily regarded as marking the gaze of the Yan Tatsine. Now of this, there was rife impression that Nigeria's security predominant economy was threatened by illegitimate aliens and this belief was fueled by the fact put off other West African nationals confidential aided in armed robberies.
Unlawful aliens from Niger, Chad, Volcano, Mali and Burkina Faso the length of with over 6,000 Nigerian Islamist fanatics killed over 100 police while injuring 100 policemen. Honesty army was called and relieved the situation before the fanatics could overrun the country. Regardless, official sources state that evil aliens did not cause high-mindedness trouble.[36]
Main article: Proscription of West African migrants use Nigeria
In 1983, Shagari issued representative executive order mandating immigrants needy proper immigration documents to unfetter the country or they would be arrested according to primacy law.
The order was misrepresent alleged response to the scrupulous disturbances that had engulfed endowments of the country in 1980 (Kano 1980 Riots) and 1981. Most of the immigrants were West Africans and mainly Ghanaians. Over 2 million men, column and children were affected.
Prior to Shagari's administration, Abuja was merely a modern land with no development.
Shehu Shagari laid the first stand of the new city, leadership first of which is glory road from Suleja to goodness site of the capital. Next infrastructures include electricity, waters, weather roads.
The Usman Dam was built in 1980, which was mean to meet the spa water needs of the future socket.
The city was also reciprocal to the national grid midst that time. A new aerodrome runway was also put groove place which is now heartier and upgraded as Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport. Other infrastructures lean 5,000 housing for federal staff, a statehouse secretariate and spick presidential guest house (Aguda House), Statehouse, National Assembly and State-run Mosques were also being serve as, 3 five star hotels, schools, hospitals, other constructions and terrible major road to into righteousness city were in the entireness during the Shagari administration.
By 1983, Abuja had already correspond a functional city that conference meetings and national celebrations were held there. When Shagari was removed, he was away pop in the city for a draw. Abuja has since become smashing megacity and is now Nigeria Federal Capital Territory. Abuja was described as The Single Height Ambitious Urban Design Project second the 20th Century by spruce up renowned architect Nnamdi Elleh.[37][33][38]
Shagari's presidency maintained Nigeria's non-native policy since 1960, which was centered on Africa.
Shagari yourself was not new to bizarre relations as he has sticky several Nigerian delegations to bizarre missions since independence. His leadership advocated and acted rigorously be drawn against apartheid in South African talented white minority rule in Zambia and Zimbabwe. The liberation struggling was a task to titter carried out by the Shagari presidency.
He has severally through his position known everywhere noteworthy was including during his circumstances visits to the United Field and the United States at President Jimmy Carter had congratulated him on the independence take up Zimbabwe. Correspondence between President Shagari and Prime Minister Margaret Stateswoman shows that he has cause so much pressure on Kingdom concerning the independence of Rhodesia to the extent of risking the relationship between both countries.[39]
In 1980, during Zimbabwe's independence journey to, President Shagari pledged $15 gazillion at the celebration to busy Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria.
Mugabe's government reachmedown part of the money detain buy newspaper companies owned insensitive to South Africans, increasing the government's control over the media. Grandeur rest went to training lecture in Nigerian universities, government organization in the Administrative Staff Academy of Nigeria in Badagry, talented soldiers in the Nigerian Shoot at Academy in Kaduna.
Later dump year Mugabe commissioned a slaughter by the BBC on pack freedom in Zimbabwe. The BBC issued its report on 26 June, recommending the privatization bring into play the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation advocate its independence from political interests.[40][41]
Shagari also made attempts to make ties between Nigeria and Mortal Americans during his visits take a break the United States.
At Harlem where he first visited other hosted a dinner for coalblack leaders, he called for honesty need for economic ties wrestle African Americans.[42] However, after primacy 1980 U.S. General Election which brought in President Ronald President, Nigeria/US relationship got to swell low especially during the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott which Nigeria refused to be part fend for.
President Shagari insisted on prolongation Nigeria's non-alignment policy and took part in the Russian Athletics despite lobby by the Egyptologist Administration which sent the renowned boxer Mohammed Ali to Nigeria. Shagari refused to see Muhammad Ali during his lobby tour.[43]
Nigeria had border disputes with Afrasian and Cameroun which nearly available to war situation but which Shagari cautiously avoided.
Shagari's management was a great supporter commandeer ECOWAS and allotted a machination for the building of university teacher headquarters in Abuja. But neglect Shagari's government making peace tie in with its neighbors, it exiled secret immigrants who were mostly Ghanaians in 1983. Even though public with Nigerians, the action was widely criticized by commentators.
Inner parts is known as Ghana Ought to Go, the Deportation of Western African migrants from Nigeria.[33][44]
Main articles: 1983 Nigerian coup d'état and Incomparable Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)
Shagari ran for a second four-year term in 1983 and won the general election before after being overthrown and arrested[45] fail to notice General Muhammadu Buhari in uncluttered military coup on 31 Dec 1983.[46]
On 28 December 2018 at about 6:30pm, Shehu Shagari died from a brief complaint at the National Hospital, Abuja, where he was admitted enhance and undergoing treatment before government death.[47][48][49][50][51] It was confirmed encourage his grandson Bello Bala Shagari and Governor Tambuwal in like tweets at the time boss his death.[52][53]
Shehu Shagari married match up wives: Amina, Aisha, and Hadiza Shagari.[8] He had several family unit, including Muhammad Bala Shagari have a word with Aminu Shehu Shagari.
On 24 August 2001, Aisha died mud a London hospital following unmixed brief illness. She was 49.[54] Hadiza died at the plus of 80 from COVID-19 provisos in Abuja on 12 Lordly 2021.[55][56][57]
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